Ang and Sim [3] investigated the effects of E. longifolia roots extracts (chloroform, methanol, water and butanol) on the libido of sexually experienced male rats treated with various doses (200, 400 and 800 mg\/kg BW, 2 times daily for 10 days). The results revealed that a dose-dependent increase in mounting frequency of the treated animals with 400 mg\/kg of chloroform, methanol, water and butanol fractions resulting in mounting frequencies of 5.3+\/\u22121.2, 4.9+\/\u22120.7, 4.8+\/\u22120.7 and 5.2+\/\u22120.1, and 800 mg\/kg respectively, with no erections, intromissions, ejaculations or seminal emissions during the 20-min observation period [3]. From the obtained results they concluded that E. longifolia is a potent stimulator of sexual arousal in sexually vigorous male rats with the absence of feedback from genital sensation [3].<\/p>

Sexual motivation activity in adult, middle-aged male mice and in retired breeders, after administering E. longifolia root extract (500 mg\/kg in chloroform, methanol, butanol, and water; for control, 3 ml\/kg of normal saline+ 30 mg\/kg of yohimbine daily for 10 d) have been reported by Ang et al. [4]. Their results showed a momentary increase in the percent of male mice responding after consumption of the fractions with 50% of the adult middle-aged male mice treated with E. longifolia [4].<\/p>

In vivo study on sexual motivation on sexually na\u00efve 400 male albino mice subjected to training protocol for 10 consecutive days [5], Transient increase in the percentage of male mice responding to the right choice after consumption of EL extracts. Enhanced sexual motivation was noticed after 3 days of treatment with EL extracts. Also, the effect was more prominent after eight days of treatment with EL [5].<\/p>

In another vivo study of Initiation of sexual performance on inexperienced castrated adult male Spraguedawley rats, subjects were orally given 200, 400, 800 mg\/kg (twice daily) for 10 days prior to the test, and continued throughout the test [6]. The positive control group was given testosterone subcutaneously at 15 mg\/kg daily. Negative control group received saline. Treated groups were given EL extracts at 50-80 d post-castration. Results showed that a dose-dependent increased in sexual performance with EL supplementation but lower compared to testosterone group. EL promoted growth of sexual accessories (at 800 mg\/kg EL) but was less than testosterone group. In conclusion, E. longifolia enhanced initiation of sexual performance of inexperienced castrated male rats. Therefore, E. longifolia has aphrodisiac effects [6].<\/p>

In vivo animal study of aphrodisiac evaluation on sexually sluggish adult male Spraguedawley rats by Zanoli a et. la [7], groups of 8 animals each were submitted to three different types of treatment: (1) acute at 3 dose levels (250, 500 and 1000 mg\/kg); (2) subacute (daily for 6 days) at the dose of 500 mg\/kg and (3) subchronic (daily for 12 days) at the same dose (500 mg\/kg) evaluated by recording mount, intromission and ejaculation latencies and post-ejaculatory interval. After the test, testosterone serum levels were increased in rats subacutely treated in comparison with controls. in addition, the subacute administration reduced post-ejaculatory interval. In impotent rats both subacute and subchronic treatments increased the percentage of mounting and ejaculating rats [7].<\/p>

<\/p>

• Erectile Function Improvement<\/li><\/ul>

  In a human study of Standardized water-soluble extract of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat ali) as testosterone booster for managing men with late-onset hypogonadism [1], 76 of 320 patients suffering from late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) were given 200 mg of a standardized water-soluble extract of Tongkat ali for 1 month. The Ageing Males\u2019 Symptoms (AMS) was used as a standardized rating scale. Results revealed that treatment of late-onset hypogonadism patients with this Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat ali) extract significantly (P < 0.0001) improved the AMS score as well as the serum testosterone concentration. In addition, before treatment only 10.5% of the patients did not show any complaint according to the AMS scale and 35.5% had normal testosterone levels, after the completed treatment 71.7% and 90.8% of the patients showed normal values, respectively [1].<\/p>

  
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  <\/p>

  References<\/p>

  1. Tambi, Mohd & Musa, Kamarul Imran & Henkel, Ralf. (2011). Standardised water-soluble extract of Eurycoma longifolia, Tongkat ali, as testosterone booster for managing men with late-onset hypogonadism?. Andrologia. 44 Suppl 1. 226-30. 10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2011.01168.x.<\/li>
  2. Talbott, Shawn & Talbott, Julie & George, Annie & Pugh, Mike. (2013). Effect of Tongkat Ali on stress hormones and psychological mood state in moderately stressed subjects. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 10. 28. 10.1186\/1550-2783-10-28.<\/li>
  3. Ang HH, Sim MK. Eurycoma longifolia Jack enhances libido in sexually experienced male rats. J Exp Anim Sci 1997;46:287\u201390.<\/li>
  4. Ang, Hooi & Lee, Kheng & Kiyoshi, Matsumoto. (2003). Eurycoma longifolia Jack Enhances Sexual Motivation in Middle Aged Male Mice. Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology. 14. 301-8. 10.1515\/JBCPP.2003.14.3.301<\/li>
  5. Ang HH, Chan KL, Gan EK, Yuen KH. Enhancement of sexual motivation in sexually naive male mice by Eurycoma longifolia. Int J Pharmacogn 1997;35:144-6.<\/li>
  6. Ang HH, Cheang HS, Yusof APM. Effects of Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) on the initiation of sexual performance of inexperienced castrated male rats. Exp Anim 2000;49:35-8.<\/li>
  7. Zanoli, P & Zavatti, Manuela & Montanari, C & Baraldi, M. (2009). Influence of Eurycoma longifolia on the copulatory activity of sexually sluggish and impotent male rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 126. 308-13. 10.1016\/j.jep.2009.08.021
     <\/li><\/ol> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n \n\n \n
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     Pueraria Mirifica<\/h3>

     1. Sources of Miroestrol<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>

        According to various researches and reviews, Pueraria Mirifica is reported to exhibit an abundance of flavonoids and that includes miroestrol which is known to offer great amount of health benefits, especially among women. The plant is a rich source of phytoestrogen eg. genistein, daidzein, puerarin, mirificin, miroestrol and isomiroestrol2.<\/p>

        Several Studies showed that the highest potency of an estrogenic-like antioxidant from Pueraria candollei Wall. Ex Benth var. mirifica like miroestrol and isomiroestrol, might be powerful tools for future studies on neuroprotective and estrogen function.<\/p>

        1.2 Hair Growth Prevention<\/strong><\/p>

                        One research published on Key Engineering Materials pointed out how significant Pueraria Mirifica can do to hair growth [1]. Objective of the study was to develop solid lipid nanoparticles containing Pueraria Mirifica ethanolic extract on hair promotion.<\/p>

        Result shows that \"PM extract was a good safety herbal extract, which no cytotoxicity at the concentrations from 1 to 1,000 \u03bcg\/ml. The cell proliferation of PM extract treated HFDPCs significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner, indicating the possibility to promote hair growth at the concentrations from 10 to 100 \u03bcg\/ml\"[1]. PM extract-loaded SLN might be an effective formulation for hair growth disorders treatment.[1]<\/p>

        1.3 Grey Hair Prevention<\/strong><\/p>

                        Grey hair can bother many women and men as it is a sign of aging. Pueraria mirifica were also reported to be effective for hair grey prevention [2]. One randomized, double-blind clinical trial is conducted to study the efficacy of Pueraria Lobata on grey hair prevention using the phototrichogram analysis with 44 female subjects. The participants were randomly given with either APHG-1001 or placebo twice daily for 24 weeks.<\/p>

                    An example of counting new gray hair developed during the treatment using the phototrichogram analysis. This clinical trial revealed that APHG-1001, which contains an extract of P. lobata, could prevent the development of new gray hair without any remarkable adverse effects. Thus, it can be considered as a viable treatment option for the prevention of gray hair [2].<\/p>

        1.4 Vagina Health<\/strong><\/p>

        One study by Manonai et. al [3] aimed to see the effect of Pueraria mirifica on vaginal symptoms, vaginal health index, vaginal pH, and vaginal cytology in healthy postmenopausal women indicated interesting results. All participants were orally administrated with 20, 30, or 50 mg of Pueraria mirifica in capsules for 24 weeks and after the treatment, vaginal dryness symptom significantly decreased after 12 weeks of treatment in which the author concluded that Pueraria mirifica is proven to exhibit estrogenicity on vaginal tissue, to alleviate vaginal dryness symptoms and dyspareunia [3].<\/p>

        Several evidences indicated that the estrogenic activity of P. mirifica on the reproductive system was confirmed by the suppression of pituitary gonadotropin and inhibin (INH) secretion in both female and male mice and rats, and in female monkeys [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12].<\/p>

        1.4.1 Sexual skin coloration<\/strong><\/p>

        A 30-day pre-treatment period, 90-day treatment period, and 60-day post-treatment period were conducted to investigate the estrogenic effect of Pueraria mirifica (PM) on sexual skin coloration in cynomolgus monkeys [28]. Aged menopausal monkeys were divided into three groups. Each group (n=3) was fed 10, 100, or 1,000 mg of PM daily. The results show that the sexual skin exhibited reddish coloration within 24 hours after PM-treatment and remained this way for the first half of the PM-feeding period. The changes in sexual skin coloration were not dose-dependent. The present results indicate that PM had estrogenic action by increasing reddish sexual skin coloration in aged menopausal monkeys [28].<\/p>

        1.5<\/strong> Hormone Replacement<\/strong><\/p>

        Due to the suppression of the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), FSH and INH in female cynomolgus monkeys, experimental animals which have a broadly similar hormonal pattern and reproductive system to those of humans, Pueraria mirifica could become an alternative choice for a contraceptive drug in reproductive women. Indeed, Pueraria mirifica has been reported to suppress folliculogenesis and ovulation [ 10, 23].<\/p>

        1.<\/strong>6<\/strong> Menopausal Symptoms<\/strong><\/p>

        In another study conducted by Virojchaiwong et. al [4] to compare between Pueraria mirifica 25 and 50 mg for menopausal symptoms for 6 months, both dosage of Pueraria mirifica were similarly effective and safe in the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Pueraria mirifica also demonstrated great promise in the treatment of climacteric symptoms among perimenopausal women.[5]<\/p>

        Another clinical trial, involving to the estrogenic effects of the crude drug derived from dry powder of a phytoestrogen-rich Thai herb Pueraria mirifica (White Kwao Krua) in five female volunteers with menopausal symptoms, showed that the crude drug clearly improved the signs and symptoms related to menopause such as, hot flushes, frustration, sleep disorder, skin dryness, high blood cholesterol, oligomenorrhoea and amenorrhoea; with no change in cells, liver and kidney functions, as well as other physiological status after four months of treatment [19]. In four volunteers, treatment was continued to complete a one-year test period with half the dose and was found to maintain their satisfied menopausal relief status. The crude drug dosage was administered at 200 mg daily for three weeks a month during the first four months to treatment and 200 mg every other day for 20 days per month for the remaining eight months. These doses were effective and safe as phytoestrogen treatment of menopausal symptoms [19].<\/p>

        
        <\/p>

        1.<\/strong>7<\/strong> Alzheimer\u2019s disease<\/strong><\/p>

        As estrogen play important roles in the pathoetiology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), one study has evaluated the effects of phytoestrogen extracted from Pueraria candollei, miroestrol and isomiroestrol, on factors related Alzheimer\u2019s disease [13] by investigating for free radical scavengingand acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity in vitro. The interaction between the test compounds and alpha estrogenic receptor (ER\u012e) was also studied using molecular modeling techniques.<\/p>

        1<\/strong>.8<\/strong> Osteoporosis<\/strong><\/p>

        Estrogen plays an immense role in bone homeostasis [17] which regulates bone homeostasis directly via acting on the bone cells, and indirectly on the immune system and oxidative stress [18]. As the loss of serum estrogen levels during menopause has been reported to cause a decrease in the bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC), thus estrogen shortage is a major factor in the development of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.<\/p>

        Initial research revealed that Pueraria mirifica crude powder could prevent bone loss, both in terms of the BMD and BMC, in trabecular and cortical bones of the 4th lumbar vertebra, tibia and femur in ovariectomized female and orchidectomized male rats [20, 23]. <\/p>

        In this study, 6-month-old female rats were ovariectomized, kept for 4 weeks to induce bone loss, divided into five groups, and treated with Pueraria mirifica at doses of 0, 5, 25, and 50 mg\/kg BW\/day (PM0, PM5, PM25, and PM50 groups, respectively) or 7 mg\/kg BW\/day of puerarin (PU group) for 12 weeks. Only the trabecular bone mineral densities (BMDs) of tibia metaphysis (at the 12th, 14th, and 16th week) and total and trabecular BMDs of L4 (at the 16th week) of the PM50 group were significantly higher than those of the PM0 group. The study indicated that Pueraria mirifica could be used as an anti-osteoporotic agent for postmenopausal women. Since Pueraria mirifica could mainly retain bone mass at the levels before bone loss is initiated, the use of other anabolic agents in combination with P. mirifica is recommended for osteoporotic patients [27].<\/p>

        To confirming these effects in sex hormone deficient rats, Pueraria mirifica intake was reported to decrease serum parathyroid hormone and calcium levels in aged menopausal monkeys [21].<\/p>

        Although the mechanism of Pueraria mirifca action on bone cells is not been clearly understood. However,\u201d it seems to reduce the bone turnover rate, because serum levels of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase or alkaline phosphatase (a marker of bone formation) were reduced in Pueraria mirifica treated post-menopausal women\u201d [22, 23], while phytoestrogens have been reported to have anabolic effect on bone metabolism [24, 25]. In bone cell culture, genistein induced a significant increase in the calcium content and alkaline phosphatase activity. Genistein and daidzein caused a significant increase in the proliferation of the mouse osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1, as well as an increased alkaline phosphatase activity and DNA content [26].<\/p>

        1.9 Breast Growth & Cancer<\/strong><\/p>

        One studies have been conducted at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department at the Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, in Bangkok, Thailand and in Atlanta, Georgia, USA at the Emory University School of Medicine, concerning breast cell lines and Pueraria Mirifica activity in vitro. These studies have demonstrated that the rhizome extract of Pueraria Mirifica has effective anti-estrogenic properties against aggressive breast cancer lines in vitro, particularly against the estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer lines T47-D, MCF-7, and ZR-75-1). In these studies, extract of Pueraria Mirifica has been found to promote fibrocytes within normal cells of the breasts and to restrict the growth of breast cancer cells that are dependent on estrogen.<\/p>

        1.10 Muscle Strength<\/strong><\/p>

        In study involving with Pueraria mirifica Extract effect on ovariectomized rats to prevented muscle atrophy and restored muscle strength [29], adult female Wistar rats were divided into six groups: Sham-operated (SHAM); ovariectomized (OVX) fed with distilled water (PM0); OVX injected with 40 \u00b5g\/kg estradiol benzoate (E40); (4-6) OVX fed with ethanolic extract of PM at doses of 50 (PM50), 500 (PM500) and 1000 (PM1000) mg\/kg for 90 days. The study indicated that the estrogenic activity of PM alleviated muscle atrophy and built up muscle strength and endurance. Thus, the 50 and 500 mg\/kg of PM were suitable for treating estrogen dependent sarcopenia in ovariectomized rats.<\/p>

        
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         <\/strong><\/p>

        References<\/strong><\/p>

        1. Tansathien, K., Nuntharatanapon, N., Jaewjira, S., Pizon, J. R. L., Opanasopit, P., & Rangsimawong, W. (2019). Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Containing Pueraria mirifica Ethanolic Extract for Hair Growth Promotion. Key Engineering Materials, 819, 175\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/kem.819.175<\/a><\/li>
        2. Jo, S. J., Shin, H., Paik, S. H., Na, S. J., Jin, Y., Park, W. S., \u2026 Kwon, O. S. (2013). Efficacy and Safety of Pueraria lobata Extract in Gray Hair Prevention: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Annals of dermatology, 25(2), 218\u2013222.<\/li>
        3. Manonai, Jittima & Chittacharoen, Apichart & Theppisai, Urusa & Theppisai, Hathai. (2007). Effect of Pueraria mirifica on vaginal health. Menopause (New York, N.Y.). 14. 919-24. 10.1097\/gme.0b013e3180399486.<\/li>
        4. Virojchaiwong, Phongthorn & Suvithayasiri, Visut & Itharat, Arunporn. (2011). Comparison of Pueraria mirifica 25 and 50 mg for menopausal symptoms. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics. 284. 411-9.<\/li>
        5. Lamlertkittikul, Surachai & Chandeying, Verapol. (2004). Efficacy and Safety of Pueraria mirifica (Kwao Kruea Khao) for the Treatment of Vasomotor Symptoms in Perimenopausal Women: Phase II Study. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet. 87. 33-40.<\/li>
        6. Trisomboon H, Malaivijitnond S, Watanabe G, Taya K. Ovulation block by Pueraria mirifica: a study of its endocrinological effect in female monkeys. (2005) Endocrine;26(1): 33-39.<\/li>
        7. Trisomboon H, Malaivijitnond S, Watanabe G, Cherdshewasart W, Taya K. The estrogenic effect ofPueraria mirifica on gonadotrophin levels in aged monkeys. (2006)Endocrine. 29(1): 129-134.<\/li>
        8. Malaivijitnond S, Kiatthaipipat P, Cherdshewasart W, Watanabe G, Taya K. Different effects of Pueraria mirifica, an herb containing phytoestrogens, on LH and FSH secretion in gonadectomized female and male rats. (2004)J Pharmacol Sci. 96(4): 428-435.<\/li><\/ol>

           9.Jaroenporn S, Malaivijitnond S, Wattanasirmkit K, Trisomboon H, Watanabe G, Taya K, Cherdshewasart W. Effects of Pueraria mirifica, an herb containing phytoestrogens, on reproductive organs and fertility of adult male mice. (2006;) Endocrine. 30(1): 93-101.<\/p>

           1. Trisomboon H, Malaivijitnond S, Watanabe G, Taya K. Estrogenic effect of Pueraria mirifica on the menstrual cycle and hormones related ovarian function in cyclic female cynomolgus monkeys. J Pharmacol Sci. (2006); 94(1): 51-59.<\/li>
           2. Trisomboon H, Malaivijitnond S, Cherdshewasart W, Watanabe G, Taya K. The influence of Pueraria mirifica herb containing phytoestrogens on the urinary gonadotropin and estradiol levels in aged menopausal monkeys. (2007) Anim Sci J. 78(4): 378-386.<\/li>
           3. Trisomboon H, Malaivijitnond S, Cherdshewasart W, Watanabe G, Taya K. Assessment of urinary gonadotropin and steroid hormone profiles of female cynomolgus monkeys after treatment with Pueraria mirifica. (2007) J Reprod Dev. 53(2): 395-403.<\/li>
           4. Sukhano W, Boonyarat C, Monthakantirat O, Effects of Miroestrol and Isomiroestrol on Neuroprotective Activities Related to Memory Deficit.<\/li>
           5. Muangman V, Cherdshewasart W. Clinical trial of the phytoestrogen-rich herb, Pueraria mirifica as a crude drug in the treatment of symptoms in menopausal women. (2001) Siriraj Hosp Gaz. 53(5): 300-310<\/li>
           6. Chand eying V, Lamlertkittikul S. Challenges in the conduct of Thai herbal scientific study: efficacy and safety of phytoestrogen, pueraria mirifica (Kwao Keur Kao), phase I, in the alleviation of climacteric symptoms in perimenopausal women. (2007) J Med Assoc Thai. 90(7): 1274-1280.<\/li>
           7. Chand eying V, Sangthawan M. Efficacy comparison of Pueraria mirifica (PM) against conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) with\/without medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in the treatment of climacteric symptoms in perimenopausal women: phase III study. (2007) J Med Assoc Thai. 90(9): 1720-1726.<\/li>
           8. Compston JE. Sex steroids and bone. (2001) Physiol Rev. ;81(1): 419-447.<\/li>
           9. Weitzmann MN, Pacifici R. Estrogen deficiency and bone loss: an inflammatory tale. (2006) J Clin Invest. 116(5): 1186-1194.<\/li>
           10. Muangman V, Cherdshewasart W. Clinical trial of the phytoestrogen-rich herb, Pueraria mirifica as a crude drug in the treatment of symptoms in menopausal women. (2001) Siriraj Hosp Gaz, 53(5): 300-310 <\/li>
           11. Urasopon N, Hamada Y, Cherdshewasart W, Malaivijitnond S. Preventive effects of Pueraria mirifica on bone loss in ovariectomized rats. (2008) Maturitas. 59(2): 137-148.<\/li>
           12. Trisomboon H, Malaivijitnond S, Suzuki J, Hamada Y, Watanabe G, Taya K. Long-term treatment effects of Pueraria mirifica phytoestrogens on parathyroid hormone and calcium levels in aged menopausal cynomolgus monkeys. <\/strong>(<\/strong>2004), J Reprod Dev<\/em>. 50(6): 639-645. DOI:10.1262\/jrd.50.639 <\/a>.<\/li>
           13. Manonai J, Chittacharoen A, Udomsubpayakul U, Theppisai H, Theppisai U. Effects and safety of Pueraria mirifica on lipid profiles and biochemical markers of bone turnover rates in healthy postmenopausal women. (2008) Menopause;15(3): 530-535.<\/li>
           14. Malaivijitnond S. Medical applications of phytoestrogens from the Thai herb Pueraria mirifica. (2012) Frontiers of Medicine, 6(1): 8-21<\/li>
           15. Yamaguchi M, Gao YH. Inhibitory effect of genistein on bone resorption in tissue culture. (1998) Biochem Pharmacol. 55(1): 71-76.<\/li>
           16. Gao YH, Yamaguchi M. Anabolic effect of daidzein on cortical bone in tissue culture: comparison with genistein effect. (1999) Mol Cell Biochem. 194(1-2): 93-97.<\/li>
           17. Sugimoto E, Yamaguchi M. Stimulatory effect of daidzein in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. (2000) Biochem Pharmacol. 59(5): 471-475.<\/li>
           18. Suthon, S., Jaroenporn, S., Charoenphandhu, N., Suntornsaratoon, P., & Malaivijitnond, S. (2016). Anti-osteoporotic effects of Pueraria candollei var. mirifica on bone mineral density and histomorphometry in estrogen-deficient rats. Journal of Natural Medicines, 70(2), 225\u2013233. doi:10.1007\/s11418-016-0965-5<\/li>
           19. Trisomboon, Hataitip et al. \u201cEffect of Pueraria Mirifica on the Sexual Skin Coloration of Aged Menopausal Cynomolgus Monkeys.\u201d Journal of Reproduction and Development 52.4 (2006): 537\u2013542. Crossref. Web.<\/li><\/ol>

               
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               <\/p> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n \n \n <\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t <\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t <\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

               Thai Herb Research Zanthoxylum limonella Alston (Ma-Kwaen)BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES Mosquito Repellent PropertyZanthoxylum limonella Alston appears to contain chemical constituents that acts Mosquito repellent and larvicidal activity.[1] Once study found that the extract of the fruits of Z. limonella is evaluated as repellent against Aedes albopictus mosquito in. All repellents have been tested at three different concentrations (10, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":24198,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"yoast_head":"\n